U.S. TARGETS JAPAN FOR STARVATION

TODAY

Tinian, Mariana Islands · March 27, 1945

An island nation, Japan was vulnerable to a block­ade of essen­tial food and stra­tegic mate­rials. On this date, March 27, 1945, the U.S. Army Air Forces and the U.S. Navy, hoping to put the final nail in the enemy’s cof­fin, kicked off Oper­a­tion Star­va­tion, the aerial mining of Japa­nese waters. Three nights later 85 more “miners” followed suit. By begin­ning the night­time aerial dropping of mines (even­tually 12,000 mines) in rivers and coastal waters, Maj. Gen. Curtis LeMay’s Mari­anas-based B‑29 Super­for­tresses accessed Jap­anese waters too shallow or close to land for Allied submarines to enforce a sea blockade.

The five-month-long aerial cam­paign saw the near destruc­tion of Japa­nese coastal shipping and shipping lanes, halting Japan’s impor­ta­tion of criti­cal raw mate­rials and food and forcing the aban­don­ment of 35 of 47 vital con­voy routes. Adding LeMay’s incen­di­ary raids on ur­ban and mili­tary-in­dus­trial areas to the destruc­tive mix reduced Japan’s over­all pro­duc­tion in 1945 by two-thirds com­pared with the year before. Already in 1940 rice—the chief item in the Japa­nese diet—had been sub­ject to rationing due to bad har­vests in the Japa­nese colony of Korea and the demands of the Japa­nese mili­tary in China (since 1937) and South­east Asia (since 1941). Fish, the other dietary staple, had all but ceased to be distrib­uted in some areas in 1944. Food supplies were so mea­ger that the aver­age Japa­nese citi­zen was living at or near star­va­tion level. Average civil­ian caloric in­take in 1945 was 78 per­cent of the minimum needed for health and physical performance.

By the end of June 1945 the civilian popu­la­tion began to show signs of panic. Experts pre­dicted deaths by star­va­tion would exceed seven mil­lion were Japan to some­how mus­ter the will and resources to wage war through 1946. With the bene­fit of hind­sight, Japan’s for­mal sur­ren­der on Septem­ber 2, 1945, was inev­i­table even with­out the U.S. immo­lating Hiro­shima and Naga­saki, with­out the Soviet Union’s entry into the war on August 8, 1945, and with­out the ghastly num­ber of cas­u­alties pro­jected by an Allied inva­sion of the Japa­nese island of Kyū­shū in late 1945 and the main island of Hon­shū in April 1946 (Operation Down­fall). But the hor­rors of the Paci­fic Is­lands cam­paign were so fixed in the minds of U.S. mili­tary and poli­tical leaders that the fire-and-sword stra­te­gy of using atomic wea­pons appeared to be the least costly way to bring World War II to an end.

My 103-year-old father-in-law Capt. Benja­min A. Nicks of Shawnee, Kansas, recently passed away. He was priv­i­leged to serve with Maj. Gen. Curtis “Iron Ass” LeMay, head of the XXI Bomber Com­mand, out of Tinian Island in the Mari­ana Islands chain between Febru­ary 1, 1945, and August 10, 1945. Ben was a B‑29 air­craft com­man­der who, on his eighth mission with his crew of 11, was in the initial group that on March 27, 1945, kicked off Opera­tion Star­va­tion. In his official and personal reports of his crew’s 14‑hour round trip to Osaka Bay off the city of Kobe, situated on the main island of Honshū, Nicks wrote: “General LeMay assigned the project to the 313th Bom­bard­ment Wing and our crew was one of the 200 planes in the mis­sion. We carried six 2,000‑lb mines with para­chutes attached. The para­chute slowed down the 2,000‑lb mine so it wouldn’t shatter upon impact. The mis­sion was flown as briefed and our mines were placed exactly where we wanted them. All of them fell to the bottom and laid there waiting for an unsus­pecting Jap ship to pass over and trigger it. It was a beau­ti­ful night over Japan and the moon was so bright you could even make out objects on the land below. Our alti­tude was 5,000 feet. We had no oppo­si­tion, although we did see a couple of fighters. They never came very near. The bom­bar­dier saw two bursts of flak way up ahead of us. There were two black holes in the left wing when we landed but it [flak] was well spent when it hit us apparently.”—Submitted by C. M. “Mike” Adams

Operation Starvation, March–August 1945

Operation Starvation: B-29 aerial miningOperation Starvation: M26 sea mine

Left: Overseen ­by Maj. Gen. Curtis LeMay, Operation Star­va­tion was a joint U.S. air and naval effort to strangle Japa­nese mari­time traf­fic by the aerial mining of Japan’s har­bors and straits. The main objec­tives of Opera­tion Star­va­tion were to pre­vent the impor­ta­tion of raw mate­rials and food into Japan, pre­vent the supply and move­ment of mili­tary forces, and disrupt ship­ping in Japan’s Inland Sea, the body of water that sep­a­rates Honshū, Shi­koku, and Kyūshū islands. Begin­ning on March 27, 1945, B‑29 Super­for­tresses assigned to Oper­a­tion Star­va­tion dropped 825 para­chute-retarded influ­ence mines with mag­ne­tic and acous­tic explo­ders. The ini­tial sortie was followed up on March 30 by 1,528 more. Some models of mines had water-pressure-dis­place­ment explo­ders. Aerial mining proved the most effi­cient means of destroying Japa­nese ship­ping during the war. In terms of damage per unit of cost, it sur­passed the stra­te­gic bombing and the U.S. submarine campaigns against Japan.

Right: A 1,000 lb/454 kg Mk 26 sea mine being dropped by a B‑29, 1945. LeMay’s XXI Bomber Com­mand (a unit of the Twen­tieth Air Force in the Mariana Islands) laid 12,135 mines in 26 fields on 46 sep­a­rate mis­sions. The Japa­nese employed 349 ves­sels and 20,000 men to clear mines. Over the course of the war, aerial, sur­face, and sub­marine mine-laying sank or damaged over 2 mil­lion tons of enemy ship­ping, a volume repre­senting nearly one quarter of the pre­war strength of the Japa­nese mer­chant marine. After the war, the com­man­der of Japan’s mine-sweeping oper­a­tions noted that he thought the U.S. mining cam­paign could have led directly to the defeat of Japan on its own had it begun earlier.

Operation Starvation: Sea mines ready for loadingOperation Starvation: MK 25 sea mine being loaded into B-29

Left: Sea mines prepared by mine assembly personnel on Tinian Island in the Northern Marianas are ready for loading onto B‑29.

Right: A 2,000 lb/907 kg MK 25 mine is loaded into a B‑29’s bomb bay. Air­craft were loaded with an average of 12,000 lb/­5,443 kg of mines con­sisting of a mix­ture of 2,000 lb/­907 kg MK 25 mines and 1,000 lb/454 kg MK 36 mines. A mix of mag­netic and acous­tic actu­a­ting devices was used with various sensi­tivity settings, a ran­dom mix of arming delays between 1 and 30 days, and ship counts between 1 and 9.

Operation Starvation: The 1945 Aerial Mining Campaign to Destroy Japanese Shipping and Bring Japan to Its Knees (Skip the first 8 minutes)