World War II Day by Day

Aboard the U.S. Carrier Shangri-La · July 14, 1945

On this date and the next in 1945, less than four months after the start of Opera­tion Star­va­tion—the joint U.S. air and naval effort to strangle Japa­nese mari­time traf­fic by the aerial mining of Japan’s har­bors and straits—Navy air groups destroyed over half the train ferries between the north­ern Japa­nese island of Hok­kaido and the main island of Honshū, where most of Japan’s indus­try and rail lines were located. Almost over­night the amount of Hok­kaido coal delivered to Honshū fac­tories dropped more than 80 per­cent, seriously crip­pling Japa­nese indus­try. Literally between a rock and a hard place, Japan saw its imports of selected com­modi­ties, in­cluding coal and food­stuffs, which totaled over 20 million tons in 1941, cut in half in 1944 and plum­met to 2.7 million tons in June 1945. Vice Admiral Paul Wen­neker, Ger­man naval attaché (1940–1945) in Tokyo, believed that it was sub­marine war­fare that brought Japan to its knees. Wen­neker had per­sonal know­ledge of the U.S. sub­marine block­ade of Japan, for he was in charge of the naval opera­tion that brought Ger­man goods such as opti­cals, machine tool equip­ment, and plans for air­planes to Japan in return for vital Asian mate­rials like qui­nine and tin. “But this was not so easy an arrange­ment because of the Ameri­can sub­marines on the route between Japan and the south,” by which he meant Pe­nang or Sin­ga­pore on the Malay Penin­sula. “It was ter­rible,” he told his Ameri­can inter­ro­gator. “Some­times the entire con­voy including all my mate­rial would be lost. It seemed that nothing could get through.” Yes, the U.S. sub­marine block­ade had been respon­sible for the drop in im­ports through the early part of 1945; how­ever, it was the B‑29 air-dropped mines of Opera­tion Star­va­tion, over­seen by Maj. Gen. Curtis LeMay, that provided the tip­ping point. By August 1945, the month in which Hiro­shima and Naga­saki were vapor­ized, the coun­try had less than half the food and raw mate­rials needed to con­tinue the fight. After Hiro­shima and Naga­saki Japan’s Emperor Hiro­hito (post­humously referred to as Emperor Shōwa) had no fight left, which made all the differ­ence. In a royal under­state­ment, Hiro­hito told his sub­jects on August 15: “The war situ­a­tion has devel­oped not neces­sarily to Japan’s advan­tage.” To con­tinue the fight would “result in an ulti­mate collapse and oblit­eration of the Japanese nation.”

Getting Japan’s Attention: Operation Starvation

Left: Beginning on March 27, 1945, B‑29s assigned to Opera­tion Sta­rva­tion dropped 1,000 para­chute-retarded influ­ence mines with mag­netic and acous­tic exploders. The initial sortie was followed up by 1,528 more. Some models of mines had water-pres­sure-dis­place­ment exploders. Aerial mining proved the most effi­cient means of destroying Japa­nese shipping during the war. In terms of damage per unit of cost, it sur­passed the stra­tegic bombing and the U.S. submarine campaigns.

Right: A 1,000 lb M26 sea mine being dropped by a B‑29, 1945. The Twen­tieth Air Force laid 12,135 mines in 26 fields on 46 sep­a­rate mis­sions. Even­tually most of the major ports and straits of Japan were repeatedly mined, severely dis­rupting Japa­nese logis­tics and troop move­ments for the remainder of the war. The mines sank or damaged 670 ships totaling more than 1,250,000 tons.

Left: Imperial rescript from Emperor Hirohito ordering Japan’s capitu­la­tion and the end to World War II. It was written on August 14, 1945, recorded on a phono­graph record, and broad­cast to Japa­nese citi­zens at noon on August 15. In his Gyo­kuon-hōsō (lit. “Jewel Voice Broad­cast”), Hiro­hito admonished his sub­jects to “endure the unen­dur­able and bear the unbearable.”

Right: A leaflet dropped from a B-29 on Japan after the bombing of Hiro­shima. Trans­la­tion: Notice to the Japa­nese People! Evacu­ate the city immedi­ately. What this leaf­let con­tains is ex­tremely im­por­tant, so please read care­fully. The Japa­nese peo­ple are facing an ex­tremely im­port­ant autumn. Your mili­tary leaders were pre­sented with thir­teen articles for sur­render by our three-coun­try alli­ance to put an end to this unprof­it­able war. [The refer­ence here was to the Pots­dam Declara­tion issued by the U.S., Great Britain, and Nation­alist China on July 26, 1945.] This pro­posal was ignored by your army leaders. Because of this the Soviet Republic inter­vened. In addi­tion, the United States has devel­oped an atom bomb, which had not been done by any nation before. It has been deter­mined to em­ploy this fright­ening bomb. One atom bomb has the destruc­tive power of 2000 B‑29s. This fright­ening fact should be under­stood by you by observing what kind of situ­a­tion was caused when only one was dropped on Hiro­shima.

1945 U.S. Army Air Forces Strategic Bombing of Japan