World War II Day by Day

Berlin, Germany · April 25, 1945

In the same month World War II began in Europe, Septem­ber 1939, the German Army Wea­pons Agency (Heeres­waffen­amt, or HWA) placed all pro­grams asso­ci­ated with the nation’s nas­cent nu­cle­ar energy pro­ject under its autho­rity. The wea­pons pro­gram even­tu­ally ex­panded into three main efforts: setting up a nu­cle­ar re­ac­tor, pro­ducing ura­ni­um and heavy water (deu­terium oxide) (the Allies mounted a bombing and sabo­tage cam­paign against the Norsk Hydro heavy water plant in Ger­man-occu­pied Nor­way), and sepa­ra­ting ura­nium iso­topes. Like­wise, the pres­ti­gious and inde­pen­dent Kaiser Wil­helm In­sti­tute for Physics (KWIP) in the Ber­lin sub­urb of Dah­lem was placed under HWA autho­rity. (Ger­man-born the­o­ret­i­cal phys­i­cist Albert Ein­stein served as its head from 1914 to 1932.) In June 1942 the pro­gram, along with its seventy scien­tists, was handed off to the Reich Minis­try for Arma­ment and Ammu­ni­tion under Albert Speer. Toward the end of the war, the Allied powers com­peted to ob­tain sur­viving com­po­nents of the Nazis’ nu­cl­ear wea­pons pro­gram, just as they famously did with the V‑2 bal­listic rocket pro­gram. The Soviets used special search teams in con­quered ter­ri­to­ries to iden­tify and “requi­si­tion” equip­ment, mate­riel, intel­lec­tual pro­perty, and per­son­nel use­ful to their atomic research pro­gram. On this date in 1945 the Soviets cap­tured Ber­lin’s Dah­lem sub­urb and with it the Kai­ser Wil­helm In­sti­tute for Physics. As luck would have it, the Nazis had dis­persed much of the insti­tute’s equip­ment and per­son­nel to the edge of the Black Forest in south­western Ger­many, which lay astride the West­ern Front. This move allowed Allied offi­cers and tech­ni­cal special­ists in the secret Oper­a­tion Alsos, part of the U.S. Man­hat­tan Pro­ject, to follow close behind front lines, and occa­sion­ally behind enemy lines, and to take into cus­tody most of Ger­many’s senior nu­cle­ar research per­son­nel and tech­ni­cians, send dis­mantled equip­ment and reams of docu­ments back to the U.S. for evalu­ation, and pre­vent scien­tific assets from falling into Soviet hands. With a glass half empty, as it were, the Soviets managed to eva­cu­ate a large number of KWIP scien­tists from Ber­lin, along with 250 kilo­grams of metal­lic ura­nium, three tons of ura­nium oxide, and 20 liters of heavy water, to the Soviet Union, giving their nuclear program an important boost.



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Alsos Mission: U.S. and British Intelligence-Gathering Operation, 1944–1945

Left: The objective of the Alsos Mission was to secure atomic mate­rial and cap­ture the scientists working on the Nazi atomic wea­pons pro­ject. British and Amer­i­can mem­bers of the mis­sion are shown dis­mantling the exper­i­men­tal nu­cle­ar re­ac­tor that Ger­man scien­tists had built as part of Ger­many’s nu­cle­ar energy pro­ject in Hai­ger­loch in the state of Baden-Wuert­tem­berg. The re­ac­tor, shaped like a cylin­der and made of graph­ite blocks, was missing both uranium and heavy water.

Right: Replica of the German experi­men­tal nu­cle­ar reactor at Hai­ger­loch Museum. Hanging above the re­ac­tor are strings of uranium cubes.

Left: Members of the Alsos Mission un­cover ura­nium cubes hidden in a field in Hai­ger­loch, which is 35 miles south­west of Stuttgart.

Right: The American sweep of south­western Ger­many—an area that was scheduled to be occupied by the French—was led by Col. Borish Pash (right in photo). The sweep denied the French the im­me­diate post­war ad­van­tage that accrued to the U.S and British nuclear weapons programs.

National Geographic’s Presentation: The Hunt for Hitler’s Scientists