World War II Day by Day

Lisbon, Portugal • July 21, 1943

On this date in 1943 in Lisbon, delegates of Italian King Victor Em­man­uel III met with the head of neu­tral Portu­gal to explore stra­tegies for ex­tracting Italy from the war. The Crown had begun searching for an exit as early as late 1942. After Allied landings in Axis-occu­pied North Africa in Novem­ber 1942 (Opera­tion Torch), the Ital­ian high com­mand approached the British via Switzer­land the next month. With the approval of Fascist dic­ta­tor Benito Musso­lini (1883–1945), a third group com­prising moderate Fascist party mem­bers pro­posed an armis­tice only to be rebuffed by the Allies before and again after the July 10, 1943, Allied landings in Sicily (Operation Husky).

Four days after the Grand Council of Fascism in Rome had stripped Il Duce (Italian, “the leader”) of his power to govern (July 25, 1943), the new admin­is­tra­tion of Marshal Pietro Badog­lio, who had been involved in earlier peace feelers, suc­ceeded in secretly nego­ti­a­ting an armis­tice, the so-called Short Armis­tice, signed in Sicily on Septem­ber 3, 1943, and broad­cast to the world by the Allies over Radio Algiers on the evening of Septem­ber 8, less than a day before the main Allied assault on main­land Italy at Saler­no. Addi­tional con­di­tions demanded by the British directed Badog­lio’s admin­is­tra­tion to hand over Musso­lini, in Ita­lian cus­tody, along with other high-ranking Fascists suspected of having com­mitted war crimes, to the forces of the “United Nations.” The con­di­tions were spelled out at the time of the Septem­ber 3 signing, but the Long Armis­tice, as it became known, was only signed on Septem­ber 29 on the Medi­ter­ranean island of Malta. (The “Long Armis­tice” was pushed by Britain to humiliate Italy for having declared war on the British Empire.)

In between the two signings, German Fallschirm­jaeger (para­troopers) led by Luft­waffe offi­cer Maj. Harald-Otto Mors, accom­panied by 17 Waffen-SS com­man­dos under Haupt­sturm­fuehrer (captain) Otto Skor­zeny, mounted a high-risk glider rescue that sprang a sui­cidal Mus­so­lini from house arrest in the Hotel Campo Impera­tore on Gran Sasso moun­tain, high in Italy’s Apen­nines, on Septem­ber 12, 1943. Mor’s Unter­nehmen Eiche (Opera­tion Oak), aka the Gran Sasso Raid, was a pro­pa­gan­da coup for the Nazis, who flew Musso­lini to meet Hitler at his Rasten­burg head­quarters in East Prussia, the Wolfs­schanze, then back to German-occupied Northern Italy, where the Duce was installed as puppet ruler of a second (and last) incar­na­tion of a Fascist Italian state, the Repub­blica Sociale Itali­ana (Italian Social Republic), informally known as the Salò Republic, named after its capital.

In late April 1945 Mussolini fled Salò for Milan, leaving the Northern Ital­ian city on April 25 in a convoy of retreating German sol­diers. En route to neutral Switzer­land, where he hoped to gain refuge, he was way­laid by Ital­ian parti­sans, summar­ily exe­cuted along with his mis­tress on April 28, and placed the next day on public display, corpse hung upside down on a metal girder of a half-built gasoline station in Milan’s Piazzale Loreto.

Gran Sasso Raid: High-Stakes Rescue of Imprisoned Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini, September 12, 1943

Left: The isolated alpine ski resort Campo Impera­tore Hotel on Gran Sasso moun­tain, where in 1943 the deposed dicta­tor Benito Mus­so­lini was even­tually incar­cerated. Mus­so­lini’s Axis part­ner, Adolf Hitler, claimed that he would not let “Italy’s greatest son” down in his hour of need. His “old ally and dear friend” had to be rescued. The rescue was the last of Hitler’s spectacular gambles to bear fruit.

Right: Waffen-SS commandos and German para­troopers crash-landed their nine gliders onto the hotel’s boulder-strewn slopes, then over­whelmed Mus­so­lini’s stunned guards with­out a single shot being fired. Skor­zeny and his comman­dos, who arrived at the hotel before Mors’ para­troopers, for­mally greeted Mus­so­lini, saying, “Duce, the Fuehrer has sent me to set you free!” to which Mussolini replied, “I knew that my friend would not forsake me!”

Left: Otto Skorzeny (center, dangling binoculars) with the lib­er­ated Mus­so­lini, Septem­ber 12, 1943. Skorzeny prudently invited several war corre­spon­dents to record the historic raid. The high-risk opera­tion saved Mus­so­lini by one day from being turned over to the Allies under the terms of the armis­tice and cata­pulted the talented but vain com­mando leader to world­wide fame. Skor­zeny received a pro­mo­tion to Sturm­bann­fuehrer, a Nazi Party para­military rank equi­va­lent to major, and was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross.

Right: From prior reconnaissance of the site, Skor­zeny knew that only a light air­craft with short take­off and landing capa­bili­ties had a chance of getting Mus­so­lini off the moun­tain, so it was decided to land a Fieseler Storch (“Stork”) spotter plane on the un­even plateau. On take­off with Mus­so­lini, Skor­zeny, and the pilot on board, the Storch toppled over the edge of the moun­tain into the valley below. A hun­dred feet/­30 meters from its doom on the valley floor, the air­craft corrected itself. Landing at an air­port 20 miles/­32 kilo­meters south­west of Rome, Mus­so­lini trans­ferred to a Heinkel 111 twin engine bomber and was eventually flown to the “Wolf’s Lair,” Hitler’s East Prussia headquarters.

Left: Mussolini departed the Campo Impera­tore Hotel for the Storch wearing a heavy coat and heavy ski boots. His rescue was one of the most famous com­mando opera­tions of war, and it shocked the Allies. Eleven days after his res­cue, Mus­so­lini returned to German-occupied Italy, where he was installed as the titular head of the puppet Salò Republic.

Right: The successful Gran Sasso Raid pro­duced a rare late-war pub­lic rela­tions blip to sagging Axis for­tunes, for it kept at least the appear­ance that Italy was still in the war on the Axis side. On Octo­ber 3, 1943, Nazi Ger­many’s Thanks­giving Day, Berliners gathered in the Sport Palace to cheer the brave glider-borne raiding party that had extracted the deposed dictator from the hands of his enemies. As the fortunes of war in Italy con­tinued turning against Hitler and Mus­solini, a joke made the rounds of Germany Army officers that Skor­zeny had received the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross for having freed Mussolini, but “he would have been given the Oak Leaves [an even more distinguished award] if he had taken him back.”

Forgotten History: Hitler’s Commando Raid to Rescue Mussolini (Gran Sasso Raid), Septemberr 1942