World War II Day by Day

Foggia Airfield Complex, Southeast Italy · June 16, 1944

On this date in 1944 nearly 600 B‑17 Flying Fortresses and B‑24 Liberators from the U.S. Fifteenth Air Force took off from bases in Foggia, Italy, to attack oil refin­er­ies around Vienna, Austria, and Bra­tislava, Czecho­slo­va­kia. After Romania, Austria was the big­gest Axis crude oil pro­ducer, sending half its crude to local oil re­fin­er­ies and the other half to refin­er­ies in neigh­boring Czecho­slo­va­kia and Hun­gary. Austria’s oil refin­ery at Florids­dorf, on the northern edge of Vienna, had been targeted almost three months earlier, when U.S. heavy bombers carried out their first attack on Aus­trian soil. On this date B‑17s targeted the Florids­dorf and nearby Kagran oil refin­er­ies, while B‑24s struck oil refin­er­ies at Lobau, west of Vienna, Schwechat, south­east of Vienna, and the Apollo oil refinery at Bra­tis­lava. Ten days later and again in August bombers revisited Florids­dorf, Lobau, and Schwechat. Else­where in Germany and the occu­pied terri­tories, the Fifteenth and Eighth Air Forces ham­mered Axis petro­leum facili­ties so badly that Nazi Arma­ments Minis­ter Albert Speer told Adolf Hitler in the summer of 1944 that Germany’s avi­a­tion gaso­line pro­duc­tion had been severely com­pro­mised in May and June. If Germany could not pro­tect its refin­er­ies and hydro­gena­tion fac­tories by all avail­able means, it would be im­pos­sible to get them back into working order from the state they were in. He pre­dicted if it came to that, “by Sep­tem­ber we shall no longer be cap­able of covering the Wehr­macht’s most ur­gent needs.” Speer’s lamen­ta­tions would have been music to the ears of Gen. Carl Spaatz, head of U.S. strategic air forces in Europe, had he heard them. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, Spaatz said that the pri­mary aim of the Eighth and Fifteenth Air Forces was to deny oil to the enemy. From Sep­tem­ber, the critical month Speer had men­tioned in his talk with Hitler, to January 1945, oil tar­gets, including oil storage depots and plants pro­ducing syn­the­tic oil from coal, become the air force’s high­est priority. Writing in 1970, Speer said that the Allied oil cam­paign “meant the end of Ger­man arma­ments pro­duc­tion.” Luft­waffe general and flying ace Adolf Galland remi­nisced that the Allied oil campaign was “the most important of the combined factors which brought about the collapse of Germany.”

Operation Tidal Wave: Attacking the Ploiești Oil Complex, August 1, 1943

Left: In 1943, crude and refined oil from the Ploiești oil fields pro­vided about 35 per­cent of all Axis oil supplies, five times what runner-up Aus­tria provided. Stra­te­gic planners con­cluded that the de­struc­tion of the Axis oil in­dus­try held the key to the Luft­waffe’s defeat, and that of Ger­many as well. In this photo oil storage tanks at the Colum­bia Aquila re­fin­ery, one of eleven in the Ploiești re­fin­ery com­plex, burn after the raid by Libyan-based B‑24 bombers of the U.S. Ninth Air Force, assisted by Liberators from the Eighth Air Force based in England.

Right: B-24 Liberators approached Ploiești’s oil re­fin­eries at low alti­tude to avoid detection by Ger­man radar. This iconic image, one of the most famous of World War II, shows The Sand­man, piloted by Robert Sternfels, as it emerges from a pall of smoke, barely clearing the stacks of Astra Romana refinery, the largest of Ploiești’s refineries.

Left: Liberators flew into the mouth of Ploiești’s defenses, which in­cluded several hun­dred 88mm (3.46‑in) and 105mm (4.1‑in) anti-aircraft guns. Many more small-cali­ber guns were con­cealed in hay­stacks, rail­road cars, and mock buildings. In addi­tion the Luft­waffe had three fighter groups within flight range of Ploiești, assisted by some Romanian fighter aircraft.

Right: The August 1, 1943, mission over Ploiești was one of the cost­liest for the USAAF in the Euro­pean The­ater: 53 air­craft and 660 air­men were lost. Only 88 B‑24s returned to Libya, though some landed in neu­tral Tur­key, where the air­men were in­terned, and some landed at an RAF air­field on Cyprus. August 1 was later referred to as “Black Sun­day.” Sadly for the Allies, within weeks most of the damage to the re­fin­eries had been repaired, and the net output of fuel was greater than before the raid.

1943 Newsreel Includes Scenes from Ploiești, Churchill’s Visit to North America, Building Liberty Ships, Navy Men on Leave, and Patton in Sicily