World War II Day by Day

New York City, New York · July 26, 1935

On this date in 1935 in New York Harbor, a group of anti-Nazi acti­vists boarded the Ger­man pas­senger liner Bremen, tore from the ship’s jack­stay the red, white, and black Nazi party flag, its swas­tika embla­zoned in the cen­ter, and pitched it into the Hudson River. When the Ger­man con­sul in New York vigor­ously pro­tested the flag’s dese­cra­tion, U.S. offi­cials re­sponded that the Ger­man national flag had not been harmed, but only a poli­ti­cal party sym­bol. On Septem­ber 15, 1935, during a ses­sion of the Reichs­tag held in the Ger­man city of Nurem­berg, where Nazi big-wigs and party mem­bers had opened their Party rally three days before, law­makers remem­bered the New York out­rage and declared the Nazi party flag to be the national flag of Ger­many. Of more signi­fi­cance was the Reichs­tag’s pas­sage of the Nurem­berg Laws during the Party rally. One law, “The Law for the Pro­tec­tion of Ger­man Blood and Honor,” for­bade mar­ri­ages and extra­mari­tal sex between “Ger­mans” and “Jews” (Juden), the name now offi­cially used in place of “non-Aryans,” and for­bade the em­ploy­ment of “Ger­man” females under thirty-five in Jewish house­holds. Persons judged violating the law protecting German blood and honor faced hard labor, imprisonment with hard labor, and/or fines. (A secret decree in June 1937 stip­u­lated that those guilty of “mis­ce­ge­na­tion” were to be sent to con­cen­tra­tion camps following the com­ple­tion of their sen­tence.) Another Nurem­berg law, “The Reich Citizen­ship Law,” declared those not of “Ger­man or related blood” to be “state sub­jects” (Staats­an­ge­hö­rige), while those classi­fied as “Aryans” were Reichs­bürger (citi­zens of the Reich). The race laws were a legal em­bodi­ment of an already existing (since 1933) nation­wide boy­cott of Jewish busi­nesses and were tweaked numer­ous times from 1935 onwards. For in­stance, in July 1935 Jews were “released” from the armed ser­vices and Jewish civil ser­vants who had been pro­tected by their status as war vet­er­ans were dis­missed from pub­lic ser­vice. In 1938 a total Berufs­verbot was ex­tended to all aca­demi­cally trained Jewish pro­fes­sionals, and Jews had their state pen­sions reduced. The race laws pro­gres­sively lessened the status and human dig­nity of mem­bers of the Jewish com­munity in Ger­many and, after the 1938 An­schluss, in Austria as well.

Milestones on the Road to the Holocaust Began with Legally Margin­alizing German Jews

Above: The Nuremberg Laws estab­lished a pseudo-scien­tific basis for racial iden­ti­fi­ca­tion. As shown in this chart from 1935, only people with four Ger­man grand­parents (four white circles in top row left) were of “Ger­man blood” (Deutsch­blütiger). A Jew (Jude) was some­one who de­scended from three or four Jewish grand­parents (black circles in top row right). In the middle stood people of “mixed blood” (Misch­linge) of the “first or second degree.” A Jewish grand­parent was defined as a per­son who is or was a mem­ber of a Jewish relig­ious com­munity. The chart went on to list allowed mar­riages (“Ehe gestattet“) and forbidden marriages (“Ehe verboten“).

Above: The pages in the Ahnenpaß (Ances­tor Pass­port) docu­mented the non-Jewish line­age of citi­zens of Nazi Ger­many and Aus­tria. A proven Aryan lin­e­age was required for working in the pro­fes­sions, attending high school or the uni­ver­sity, owning real estate, and even getting married.

Left: In a state-managed campaign, Nazi Storm­troopers (SA “brown­shirt” thugs who num­bered three mil­lion in 1934) affix a poster to the win­dow of a Berlin store with the words “Ger­mans! Defend your­selves! Do not buy from Jews” (“Deutsche! Wehrt Euch! Kauft nicht bei Juden!”), April 1, 1933. Other signs in­cluded “Who­ever Buys from Jews Is Stealing the Nation’s Assets” (“Wer beim Juden kauft stiehlt Volks­ver­mögen”), “The Jews Are Our Mis­for­tune!” (“Die Juden sind unser Un­glück!”), and “Go to Pales­tine!” (“Geh nach Paläs­tina!”). Ger­man shop­keepers some­times placed signs on their front doors, “Jews Not Wel­come” (“Juden nicht er­wünscht”). Park benches bore labels, “For Aryans Only” (“Nur für Arier”) and bathing beaches were touted as Juden­frei.

Right: In 1938 a Jew whose first name was not obvi­ously “Ger­man” was required to change his or her middle name to “Israel” (male) or “Sara” (female) for use in all offi­cial com­muni­ca­tion and in legal and busi­ness docu­ments. German-pass­port holder Betty “Sara” Löwen­stein, whose pass­port sprouted a large red “J,” was allowed to leave Germany but not return.

Photomontage of 1935 Nuremberg Nazi Party Rally and Its Outcome: The Nuremberg Race Laws (May want to mute the sound)