World War II Day by Day

SHAEF HQ, Versailles, France · May 2, 1945

On this date in 1945, a rain-sodden but peace­ful day in Berlin, the battle for the war-ravaged Reich capital ended when Gen­eral of the Artil­lery Helmuth Weid­ling sur­ren­dered his garri­son to Soviet Lt. Gen. Vasily Chuikov. The Soviets claimed to have taken 480,000 POWs, cap­tured 1,500 tanks and self-propelled guns, 4,500 air­craft, and 11,000 guns and mor­tars during the half-month offen­sive, the fourth largest of the war. An estimated 100,000 civil­ians perished in the Battle of Ber­lin; nearly 4,000 were regis­tered sui­cides (April’s num­bers), with count­less more going unregis­tered. Rape vic­tims, the flip­side of the Soviet orgy of looting, num­bered between 95,000 and well past 130,000 and fea­ture as one of the most hor­ri­fic as­pects of the Ber­lin battle. Ten per­cent of the rape vic­tims com­mitted sui­cide. One Soviet war reporter recalled the Red Army as “an army of rapists.” An esti­mated five per­cent of the child­ren born in Ber­lin in 1946 were so-called Russen­kinder. South­west of Ber­lin, in south­ern Bavaria, while peddling his bicycle with a white hand­ker­chief tied to the handle­bars, Magnus von Braun, Wern­her von Braun’s brother, encoun­tered a shocked Amer­i­can private in the U.S. Seventh Army. Wern­her von Braun and his team of V‑2 Peene­muende rocket engi­neers had just learned of Hitler’s death and sent the Eng­lish-speaking younger von Braun to scout for some­one to surren­der to. With­in days roughly 50 mem­bers of von Braun’s team were in U.S. custody. Three weeks earlier Amer­i­can troops had over­run the under­ground V‑2 pro­duc­tion facili­ties and the adja­cent but nearly empty Mittel­bau-Dora forced labor camp. Mittel­werk, as these pro­duc­tion facili­ties were called, had been set up in cen­tral (now east­ern) Ger­many for V‑2 pro­duc­tion after the August 1943 bombing of the V‑2 Army Research Cen­ter at Peene­muende on the Ger­man Baltic coast. At Mittel­werk pri­soners were put to work building V‑2 rockets under the direc­tion of von Braun senior. GIs secured nearly 350 rail­way cars to cart away as many V‑2 rockets, parts, machine tools, and engi­neering drawings as pos­si­ble before the area passed into Soviet hands under the agree­ment estab­lishing Allied zones of occu­pa­tion. Under tight secu­rity, the rockets—and von Braun and his rock­eteers—even­tually wound up, via Ant­werp, Bel­gium, and New Orleans, at the White Sands Proving Ground in the New Mexico desert.

Wernher von Braun, Mittelwerk V‑2 Production Plant, and Slave Labor

Left: German rocketeers shortly after being taken pri­soner by units of the 44th In­fantry Divi­sion, U.S. Seventh Army, May 3, 1945. Wern­her von Braun, age 33, stands in the cen­ter of the photo, suffering from an arm broken in a car acci­dent. His brother, Magnus von Braun, is seen at left edge of photo. Oper­a­tion Paper­clip, a decades-long co­vert pro­ject, brought many of von Braun’s team mem­bers (and their fami­lies) to the United States, where the scien­tists worked under con­tract with the U.S. Army Ord­nance Corps.

Right: The Mittelwerk V‑1 and V‑2 factories occupied large tun­nels under­neath Kohn­stein Moun­tain sev­eral miles north­west of the town of Nord­hausen in what is now east­ern Ger­many. The fac­tories used slave labor from the Mittel­bau-Dora con­cen­tra­tion camp, a sub­camp of Buchen­wald. Von Braun visited the under­ground pro­duc­tion facili­ties twice between Janu­ary and May 1944.

Left: A GI inspects a V‑2 bal­listic missile at the under­ground Mittel­werk facil­ity. About 250 V‑2 missiles were found in various stages of com­pletion on the Mittel­werk assembly line.

Right: Rows of dead inmates fill the yard of the Boelcke Bar­racks at Nord­hausen Camp, April 12, 1945, one day after the camp’s lib­er­ation. (Nord­hausen and Dora were sep­a­rate camps with­in the same 40‑plus Konzen­tra­tions­lager Mittel­bau com­plex.) Used as an over­flow camp for sick and dying in­mates from January 1945, Nord­hausen saw its num­bers rise from a few hun­dred to over 6,000, when up to 100 in­mates died every day. Around 1,300 in­mates died on the night of April 2, 1945, when Brit­ish bombing raids destroyed sub­stan­tial parts of the bar­racks during raids that destroyed three-quarters of the town of Nord­hausen.

Mittelbau-Dora Concentration Camp and Underground Mittel­werk V‑2 Production Plant. Start 45 Seconds into Video. (WARNING: Some scenes are disturbing.)