“GOMORRAH” CATASTROPHE OVER­WHELMS HAMBURGERS

Hamburg, Germany July 24, 1943

On this date in 1943, over the North German city of Ham­burg, the Royal Air Force kicked off Opera­tion Gomor­rah (July 24 to August 3, 1943). British retali­a­tion for the Luft­waffe’s fire­bombing of the medi­eval city of Coventry in the English Mid­lands, where 503 tons of explo­sives, 56 tons of incen­di­aries, and 127 para­chute mines over a 10‑hour period killed 538 Britons, seriously injured another 863, and destroyed the historic cathe­dral, had been two and a half years in the making. The Ham­burg bombing tactics were nothing new: first high-explo­sive bombs dropped over the tar­get to blow off roofs and open doors and win­dows, then incen­di­aries to ignite the splintered remains. The dif­fer­ence lay in the scale of the city-busting offensive against “the second city of the Reich.”

On the night of July 24/25, 1943, 728 RAF bomber crews dropped 2,284 tons of bombs on Hamburg in 50 minutes—five times more ton­nage than the hea­viest air raid the Luft­waffe had in­flicted on the British capi­tal of Lon­don. The fires lit by the incen­di­ary bombs were fan­ned by winds, causing single blazes to merge into an in­ferno. The raid was repeated three days later with even more devas­ta­ting effects: this time the “fire typhoon,” as con­tem­po­raries called the merged fires, caused a giant up­draft that sucked in air to create a fur­nace that immo­lated 42,000 souls, set asphalt streets on fire, incin­er­ated the city cen­ter, and destroyed 16,000 apart­ments; nearly one million people were left home­less. Winter coal supplies stored in cellars burned for weeks.

The Britain-based U.S. Eighth Air Force joined in the destruct-a-thon, con­duct­ing 235 day­light sorties in two raids on July 25 and 26. Reports of the devas­ta­tion wrought by nearly a million-and-a-half incen­di­aries on U‑boat pens, fac­tories, busi­nesses, and resi­dences so jolted Adolf Hitler that he refused to tour the ruined city after­wards. Reichs­marshall and Luft­waffe chief Her­mann Goering visited the wasted city and vowed revenge. But Ham­burg’s intro­duc­tion to hell, which resi­dents labeled the “Juli-Kata­strophe,” fore­shadowed what Berlin would soon look like, albeit with­out the fiery fur­nace. Between the end of Gomor­rah and March 1944, the RAF moved the war to Hitler’s and Goering’s door­step, dis­patching more than 10,000 sorties to drop over 30,000 tons of bombs on the Reich capital. It was the RAF’s supreme effort to destroy the Nazis’ nerve center and end the war. Although aerial bombing destroyed places of pro­duction and workers’ homes, killed inno­cents in the hun­dreds of thou­sands, affected morale, and reduced the German war effort, it didn’t end the Euro­pean con­flict in favor of the Allies. Neither did the German V‑1 and V‑2 cruise missiles and bal­lis­tic rockets that fell noisily or silently on Great Britain, France, Bel­gium, and the Nether­lands end the con­flict in favor of Nazi Germany. Allied boots and armor on the ground were needed to bring an end to the insanity and the nightmare that was the Third Reich.


Hamburg Apocalypse: Operation Gomor­rah, July 24 to August 3, 1943

Hamburg from the air, 1944 or 1945Hamburg street, 1944 or 1945

Left: Burned-out multistory apart­ment buildings in Ham­burg in 1944 or 1945. On the RAF’s second raid on Ham­burg on the night of July 27/28, 1943, more than 700 air­craft of the main force dropped 2,326 tons of high explo­sives plus batches of four-pound incen­diary sticks in a con­cen­trated area about two miles from the city center. A German report described a “fire typhoon such as was never before wit­nessed, against which every human resis­tance was quite useless.” The fire typhoon only subsided when there was nothing left for it to consume.

Right: A Hamburg street cleared of rubble. According to an RAF assess­ment, at least 74 per­cent of Ham­burg’s closely built-up resi­dential dis­tricts were laid to waste. Luft­waffe chief Her­mann Goering reported that Germany’s largest port and a city of one million inhab­i­tants “has been destroyed in a manner unparalleled in history.” No German city was ravaged like Ham­burg again until the night of Febru­ary 13/14, 1945, when Allied bombers attacked the here­to­fore untouched city of Dres­den in Eastern Germany, precip­i­tating another terrible firestorm that killed an estimated 25,000 to 35,000 people.

Smoldering fires in Hamburg following Operation Gomorrah, 1943Rubble-strewn Hamburg street following Operation Gomorrah, 1943

Left: Fires smoldered, possibly in cellars storing coal, for weeks. Ham­burg’s unprec­e­dented destruc­tion dem­on­strated that the Allies would win the war in Europe, and that Germany would pay dearly for every day it did not capit­u­late. As British Prime Minis­ter Winston Chur­chill remarked after the German and Ital­ian forces began retreating from North Africa in Novem­ber 1942, it was the “end of the beginning.” Ham­burg in July 1943 was the beginning of the end.

Right: The destruction of 6,200 heavily urban­ized acres (nearly 10 sq. miles) of Ham­burg was grim. Only Berlin, with 6,427 burned-out acres, had more total area leveled, according to RAF calcu­la­tions. Altogether 277,330 Ham­burg apart­ments, 580 indus­trial plants, 2,632 com­mer­cial con­cerns, 80 Wehr­macht instal­la­tions, 24 hos­pi­tals, 277 schools, and 58 churches were destroyed in Operation Gomorrah.

Street victims of Operation Gomorrah, Hamburg 1943Underground victims of Operation Gomorrah, Hamburg 1943

Left: Hamburg’s air raid shelters and bunkers were insuf­ficient and simply inca­pa­ble of pro­tecting its popu­la­tion from the effects of the Allied air cam­paign. Thus, all resi­dents not engaged in the arma­ments in­dus­try were eva­cu­ated. Roughly 900,000 citi­zens left, thou­sands ending up in refu­gee settle­ments in Schleswig-Hol­stein (107,000), the Bay­reuth dis­trict (58,000), Magde­burg (Saxony)-Anhalt (55,000), Han­nover East (45,000), Dan­zig, West Prussia (now Poland) (20,400), and Saxony (unknown number). Ham­burgers who sought refuge in Saxony’s capital, Dresden, experienced “Gomorrah” a second time.

Right: Scene confronting rescue workers entering a Hamburg air raid shelter after an air raid, possibly the July 27/28 raid. Of the esti­mated 30,000 victims of that apoc­a­lyp­tic raid, most suc­cumbed to car­bon mon­ox­ide poi­soning when all the oxygen was sucked out of their shelters. In some shelters the position of bodies showed how occupants had fought to escape impending death. By the end of Novem­ber 1943, autho­ri­ties had recovered 31,647 bodies, of which only 15,802 could be identified.

Newsreel Footage of Hamburg’s Devastation by Anglo-American Bombers During and After Operation Gomorrah, July–August 1943