World War II Day by Day

Kyūshū Island, Japan • August 25, 1945

On this date in 1945, ten days after Japanese Emperor Hiro­hito had announced his agree­ment to sur­render his nation uncon­di­tionally, two U.S. Army pilots flying P‑38 Lightnings on armed recon­nais­sance landed at Nitta­ga­hara Air­field on Kyūshū Island, the southern­most Japa­nese Home Island, after one of the P‑38s ran low on fuel. The two pilots became the first Amer­i­cans to land in defeated (though not yet occupied) Japan. An hour later, in the pre­sence of Japa­nese Army per­son­nel, a B‑17 Flying For­tress landed on the same air­field to assist the two pilots in refueling the plane for its return flight to Okinawa.

The Japanese reception was friendly, even for­mal—the local mayor appeared in top hat and tails. All three crews were three days ahead of Gen. Douglas Mac­Arthur’s advance team, which landed at Japan’s largest air­field, Atsugi Naval Air Base out­side Tokyo, to coor­di­nate the offi­cial signing cere­mony in Tokyo Bay on Septem­ber 2. To wel­come the advance team, a mis­chievous naval fighter pilot from the USS York­town, which was pro­viding cover for the forces occupying Japan, landed his plane at Atsugi on August 27 and ordered the Japa­nese to erect a ban­ner wel­coming the Army gene­ral on “on behalf of the U.S. Navy.” Ban­ners on Tokyo streets pro­claimed: “Welcome the American victories all over the world.”

On September 2, six years and a day after Germany precip­i­tated the global con­flict by invading neigh­boring Poland, Mac­Arthur headed the Allied dele­ga­tion on board the battle­ship USS Missouri that brought World War II to an end by accepting Japan’s for­mal sur­render. The 887‑ft, 45,000‑ton “Mighty Mo” lay exactly four and one-half miles north­east of the spot where, on July 8, 1853, Com­mo­dore Matthew Perry had anchored four small ships of the U.S. Navy’s Far East Squad­ron, which flew an Amer­i­can flag of thirty-one stars. Ninety-two years after the “opening of Japan,” Perry’s flag (known as an ensign) was on promi­nent dis­play when an 11‑mem­ber Japa­nese dele­ga­tion, traveling through burnt-out cities, arrived at its des­ti­na­tion. The Japa­nese signed the sur­ren­der docu­ment at 9:05 a.m. Gen. Mac­Arthur signed for the United Nations and U.S. Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, who had directed much of the Paci­fic War, signed for the United States. Minutes later, in a show of the mas­sive air power that had ended the Pacific War, 1,500 car­rier air­craft and 500 B‑29s flew over the armada of U.S. and British ships that filled Tokyo Bay. It was a thunderous and fitting conclusion to the proceedings.

Japanese Sign the Instrument of Surrender Aboard USS Missouri, September 2, 1945

Left: The 11-member Japanese delegation of civilians and mili­tary offi­cers shortly after their arrival on board the USS Missouri, Sunday, Septem­ber 2, 1945. Leading the dele­gation was Foreign Affairs Minis­ter Mamoru Shige­mitsu (top hat with cane). Signing the Instru­ment of Sur­render for the Japa­nese mili­tary was Gen. Yoshi­jirō Umezu (to Shige­mitsu’s left). In 1948 Shige­mitsu was sen­tenced to seven years im­pri­son­ment by the Inter­na­tional Mili­tary Tri­bu­nal for the Far East. Paroled in 1950 Shige­mitsu became Deputy Prime Minis­ter of Japan in 1954. Umezu, final Chief of the Im­perial Japa­nese Army General Staff and a mem­ber of Emperor Hiro­hito’s Supreme Coun­cil for the Direc­tion of the War (Saikō sensō shidō kaigi), was tried as a war crimi­nal by the same tri­bu­nal, which sen­tenced him to life imprisonment. He died in prison in 1949.

Right: The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agree­ment that enabled the sur­render of the Empire of Japan, marking the end of World War II. It was signed by repre­sen­ta­tives from Japan, the U.S., China, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, Aus­tra­lia, Canada, France, the Nether­lands, and New Zea­land aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on Septem­ber 2, 1945. The Allied copy was pre­sented in leather and gold lining with both coun­tries’ seals printed on the front, where­as the Japa­nese copy shown here was bound in rough canvas with no seals on the front. In 1951 Japan con­cluded a peace treaty with the U.S. and other Allied nations and the following April the country formally regained its independence.

Left: Dressed in khaki and an open-neck shirt, General of the Army Douglas Mac­Arthur, Supreme Allied Com­mander, opened the 20‑minute sur­render cere­mony on the star­board veran­da deck of the USS Missouri precisely at 9 a.m. Forty-three high-ranking offi­cers from eight Allied powers (United Nations) are lined up behind him. Mounted on the bulk­head behind the rows of men is the 31‑star ensign (the blue canton displayed correctly) that Com­mo­dore Matthew Perry had brought ashore to Japan in 1853. The fragile flag was retrieved from the Naval Aca­demy’s museum in Annap­o­lis, Mary­land, and delivered on August 29, 1945, to Adm. William “Bull” Halsey, Com­mander of the U.S. Third Fleet, whose flag­ship was the Missouri. Also present were the Stars and Stripes that had flown over the U.S. Capitol on Sunday, Decem­ber 7, 1941. Just before closing the pro­ceed­ings, Mac­Arthur intoned, “Let us pray that peace now be restored to the world, and that God will pre­serve it always.” Victor in war, Mac­Arthur stayed on in Japan to manage the peaceful seven‑year U.S. occupation of that country.

Right: Some 1,900 Allied bombers and carrier planes fly in precise for­ma­tion over the U.S. and British fleets assembled in Tokyo Bay, Septem­ber 2, 1945. The USS Missouri is at left. On the battle­ship’s sur­render deck were over 130 offi­cial guests, or dele­gates—Amer­i­can, British, Chi­nese, Soviet, Aus­tra­lian, Cana­dian, French, Dutch, and New Zea­land offi­cers—who were invited to wit­ness Japan’s formal capit­u­la­tion. The impres­sive U.S. dele­ga­tion included 39 gene­rals and 34 admirals, among them Lt. Gen. Jona­than M. Wain­wright who surren­dered the belea­guered Philip­pines to the Japa­nese invaders, Lt. Gen. James H. Doo­little, and Maj. Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, the later two gene­rals having famously brought the war home to main­land Japa­nese. The British dele­ga­tion was headed by Gen. Arthur Perci­val, who relin­quished Singa­pore to its fate. The ship’s comple­ment of 3,000 offi­cers and blue­jackets, plus media peo­ple, watched the sur­render cere­mony and flyover from atop gun turrets and walkways.

Contemporary Newsreel Accounts of U.S. Forces Landing in Japan, September 1945